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Resumen El presente artículo problematiza la relación entre psicoanálisis freudiano y la perspectiva del desarrollo lineal, determinista y teleológica. A pesar de las impregnaciones evolucionistas del contexto histórico en que Freud gesta sus ideas, se encuentran conceptos que muestran una fuerte ruptura con la idea de un despliegue guiado por el ritmo de etapas prefijadas por edades. Así se postula la a-temporalidad de los procesos inconscientes y la Nachträglichkeit a la luz de las perspectivas no lineales emergentes desde las ciencias de la complejidad. Finalmente, se reflexiona sobre una psique que, en su carácter abierto y complejo, contempla lo aleatorio, lo impredecible y el azar en su devenir, y se transforma mediante trabajo elaborativo simbólico del yo. Así, sólo la historización, nunca lineal, contempla lo nuevo como posibilidad de (re)constituir la historia pasada.
Abstract This article problematizes the relationship between Freudian psychoanalysis and the linear, deterministic, and teleological perspective on development. Despite the evolutionist impregnations of the historical context in which Freud conceives his ideas, there are concepts that show a sharp break with the idea of an unfolding guided by a rhythm of stages prefixed by ages. Thus, the a-temporality of the unconscious processes and the Nachträglichkeit is postulated considering the non-linear perspectives that emerge from the sciences of complexity. Finally, we reflect on a psyche that, in its open and complex character, contemplates the fortuitous, the unpredictable and chance in its becoming, and is transformed through the elaborative symbolic work on the self. Like this, only the historicization, which is never linear, contemplates what is new as a possibility to (re)construct the past history.
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Este texto discute la posibilidad del desarrollo de una teoría de las extinciones, una teoría inexistente hasta la fecha, y que vendría a ser la contraparte o el complemento de la teoría de la evolución. El problema central es el de la exploración de una teoría general de la complejidad, una tarea que permanece abierta e inconclusa hasta el momento. La paleontología y la biología evolutiva pueden verse como las dos caras de una moneda cuyo rasgo distintivo no es el gradualismo, sino los equilibrios puntuados y el catastrofismo. El tema de las extinciones se concentra aquí en la importancia y el papel de las extinciones masivas. A partir del diálogo entre biología y paleontología, evolución y extinciones, varias reflexiones se extrapolan al plano social, cultural y filosófico. El marco amplio es el de las ciencias de la complejidad.
This paper discusses the possibility of reaching a theory of extinctions, a theory nonexistent so far that can be taken as complementary to the theory of evolution. The core problem is here the exploration of the general theory of complexity, a task that remains open and without a definite conclusion until now. Paleontology and biology can be grasped as the two faces of one and the same token whose most salient feature is punctuated equilibria and catastrophism, and not gradualism any longer. Extinctions are viewed here particularly as massive extinctions. After the dialogue between paleontology and biology, evolution and extinctions, a number of reflections are extrapolated to the social, cultural and philosophical framework. The general context hence is the one provided by the sciences of complexity.
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BACKGROUND: Many recent studies based on non-linearity have been performed to quantify the complex behavior of the brain in order to understand the pathophysiology of Parkinson's disease (PD). METHODS: We calculated the Fractal dimension (FD) and Lyapunov exponent (L1), the non-linear biologic signals, by digital EEG using 'CHASIM' program, non-linear times series signal simulator and then compared the UPDRS score with the degree of atrophy in the substantia nigra upon brain MRI and EEG data respectively. All subjects (N=20) showed definite hemiparkinsonism. RESULTS: Upon EEG analysis, a strong positive correlation was noted between FD of the left hemispheric electrodes (FP1,F3,T3,T5) and the UPDRS scores in left-sided symptomatic patients. Additionally, positive correlations were noted between the ipsilateral MRI index ratio in the right and left-sided symptomatic patients and respective UPDRS scores. CONCLUSIONS: These results suggested that thalamocortical drive is reduced in the contralateral hemisphere to parkinsonian symptoms and thalamocortical or corticothalamic glutaminergic projection in the ipsilateral hemisphere is increased in the early stage of Parkinson's disease. Additionally, hemiparkinsonim may primarilly cause anatomic and functional changes in the contralateral hemisphere and a compensatory effect in the ipsilateral hemisphere at the same time. We suggest that disease duration may be a compensating factor and of which require further investigation. We hope that our results will aid the understanding of the specific patterns of dysfunction and treatment effects by non-linear EEG measures and anatomic changes of the substantia nigra through continuous follow up of the patients. (J Korean Neurol Assoc 19(3):232~238, 2001)
Subject(s)
Humans , Atrophy , Brain , Electrodes , Electroencephalography , Fractals , Hope , Magnetic Resonance Imaging , Parkinson Disease , Substantia NigraABSTRACT
AIM We found in experiment that the relation of cell number-OD in MTS cytotoxicity assay is non-linearity. In this paper we probe into the relations of cell number-OD and drug dose-inhibition rate. METHODS Cells HL-60 and Raji were used in this experiment. Assay on the relation of cell number-OD: Cells of different concentrations were seeded into 96 well plates. OD was read at 490 nm after incubating with MTS for 1～5 hour. The regression curves were estimated from the data with the software SPSS 11.0. Cytotoxicity assay: Cells were seeded into 96 well plate and incubated with drug of different doses for 72 hours. OD was read at 490 nm after incubating with MTS for 3 hour. The regression curves were estimated from the data with the software SPSS 11.0. RESULTS The cubic curves fit well the relations of cell number-OD of the 2 strains of cells at 5 time points and the coefficient R2 of these cubic curves is 0.997～1.000, greater than the R2 0.938～0.993 of linear model. For the relations of dose-inhibition rate, the cubic curves also have best fitness and their R2 is 0.998～1.000 greater than the R2 0.948～0.987 of linear model of logarithm dose-probit. CONCLUSION For the relations of cell number-OD in MTS cytotoxicity assay, the fitness of cubic curves are better than the linear model. A more accurate IC 50 would be obtained by the cubic curve equation than by probit regression that is in common use.